When mapping strategies, consider incorporating local knowledge, such as indigenous and traditional communities’ knowledge, key stakeholders such as low-income communities in cities, farmer networks in rural areas, fisher cooperatives or communities and others that have advanced knowledge about the landscape or seascape and their spatial interpretation of the landscape (e.g. SIGAP in Indonesia) as deemed permissible and appropriate by these communities or groups. Use tools and techniques that are participatory and easily understood, such as 3D participatory mapping.